See also Lydian Dominant. In this mode, the 7th note is called the leading note or leading tone because the sound of the 7th note feels like it wants to resolve and finish at the octave note, when all mode notes are played in sequence. Mixolydian mode is a musical mode.. Then list the 7 notes in the mode so far, shown in the next column. Semi-notes: 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 1 Copyright © 2012-2020 pianoscales.org, The Lydian Mode is the fourth of the seven. The scale has, for example, been present in modern classical music with a touch of folk music and can deliver a kind of mystic feeling. The Church Modes: Dorian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Ionian, Phrygian, Locrian Scales. column. The white keys are named using the alphabetic letters A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, which is a pattern that repeats up the piano keyboard. The Lydian scales in musical notes are available in the member area. C: C, D, E, F#, G, A, B, C This means you can play any scale over a chord, if that scale contains the root, 3rd and 7th of the chord. This can be seen by looking at the Mode table showing all mode names with only white / natural notes used. A#/Bb: A#, B# (C), C## (D), D## (E), E# (F), F## (G), G## (A), A# / Bb, C, D, E, F, G, A, Bb E Phrygian Scale : E Phyrgian Mode for jazz piano with fingering Lydian Scale. This step tries to assign note names to the piano keys identified in the previous step, so that they can be written on a note staff in the Solution section. Every white or black key could have a flat(b) or sharp(#) accidental name, depending on how that note is used. Musical scores are temporarily disabled. The 7 unique notes in a mode need to be named such that each letter from A to G is used once only - and so each note name is either a natural white name(A..G) , a sharp(eg. It has a quirky offbeat sound, and melodies constructed using the lydian scale will sound a bit eccentric, as if it’s purposely missing every time it goes for that 4th note of the scale. The white notes from C-C make a simple C major scale. generator: 5 origin: 6 Deep Scale. In their simplest / untransposed form, modes do not contain any sharp or flat notes. Write a comment. One way to look at modes is to imagine a piano. The single identifying feature of Lydian chords and the Lydian mode is the augmented 4th interval, also known as the sharp 11 (#11). Use the form below to select one or more scales, hit "Go", and the harmonizer will tell you what chords will sound good when played with the selected scales. Now, there’s something interesting about the C Major scale when played over a CMaj7 chord. The names were taken from regions or people – the Lydians once lived in western Anatolia. The ‘F’ is an ‘Avoid Note’ – that is, t… A third altered Lydian scale is the Lydian b7 (flat seven), also known as Lydian Dominant and mentioned above. contact | about | sitemap | policy Before print or download please save it first. Other names: Mela Risabhapriya (62) However, if you’re neither a gospel nor a jazz pianist, it’s also important you learn about the chords that can be formed using the lydian dominant scale. The Lesson steps then explain how to identify the mode note interval positions, choose note names and scale degree names. Playlong Jam Tracks featuring the lydian Scale. The Lydian is the fourth mode of the major scale. Attention: You’ll appreciate the application of the lydian dominant scale in chord formation more if you’re a gospel or jazz pianist. See also the B lydian Piano Scale. In music, the acoustic scale, overtone scale, Lydian dominant scale, or Lydian ♭ 7 scale, is a seven-note synthetic scale. For example, if you’re in the key of F major, the fourth note in the scale would be a Bb, but in the Lydian mode it becomes a B natural. Before print or download please save it first. For this mode, there are 1 mismatches (Shown as m in the Match? Db Lydian for guitar. C Lydian for piano. In the case of C major, the Lydian mode is F, G, A, B, C, D, E and back to F. The lydian mode builds a major seventh chord. The adjustments done in this step do not change the pitch / sound of the note, only the name of the note. But, this small note change provides a completely different emotional feeling! Piano Scales Chart C C# Db D D# Eb E F F# Gb G G# Ab A A# Bb B Show All B Scales Hide Scales List B Major B Major pentatonic B Minor pentatonic B Dorian B Phrygian B Lydian B Mixolydian B Aeolian B Locrian B Blues B Harmonic Minor B Melodic Minor It also shows the scale degree chart for all 8 notes. The tonic note (shown as *) is the starting point and is always the 1st note in the mode. The lydian mode shares the same property - it only has one semitone / half-tone between the 7th and 8th notes. For a quick summary of this topic, have a look at Mode. This step shows the white and black note names on a piano keyboard so that the note names are familiar for later steps, and to show that the note names start repeating themselves after 12 notes. Note that sometimes it is necessary to adjust the note name two semitones / half-tones forward or back, which will result in an adjusted name containing a double-sharp or double-flat. F - G - A - B - C - D - E. Formula What is the formula for the F lydian scale. The match fails when trying to find a E -type of mode note, because either this type of note does not exist in this mode, or it exists but is in the wrong position number / table row for this match. Samba Beat D major Mixolydian Scale. Home > Musical Modes > Harmonic Minor Scale Modes > Lydian #9 Mode > A Lydian #9. Because of the importance of the major scale in modern music, the Lydian mode is often described as the scale that begins on the fourth scale degree of the major scale, or alternatively, as the major scale with the fourth scale degree raised half a step. In a later step, if sharp or flat notes are used, the exact accidental names will be chosen. For example, you can use any scale with a C, E and B in it over a CMaj7 chord, even if it doesn’t contain a G. There are two further complication: It’s possible to omit notes; and Chords that fit in this scale: Normal Triads: C#aug D#aug D#dim Faug F#m Gaug Aaug B Baug. The 8th note - the octave note, will have the same name as the first note, the tonic note. The same notes can be found in different Major and Lydian scales: If you already know the Major scales, the relative Lydian starts on the fourth. If you play the C Major Scale starting on F, you have an F Lydian Scale: F Lydian Scale : F Lydian Mode for jazz piano with fingering Mixolydian Scale. This is the reason that if the piano player plays a G7 chord, and the sax plays a Db7 lydian (as Sonny Rollins loved to do), it sounds just great. Middle C (midi note 60) is shown with an orange line under the 2nd note on the piano diagram. Middle C (midi note 60) is shown with an orange line under the 2nd note on the piano diagram. The B-flat lydian mode has 1 flat. Yes, there is only 1 note difference between the major scale and the lydian mode. , but obviously the note names will be different for each mode / key combination. The notes of the B major scale are B – C# – D# – E – F# – G# – A# – B. In contrast, all other modes, including for example the phrygian mode, have a whole tone (two semitones, two notes on the piano keyboard) between the 7th and 8th notes, and the 7th note does not lean towards the 8th note in the same way. It is made up by starting the scale from the fourth note instead of the first note. Indicates if the scale can be constructed using a generator, and an origin. 2M - 2M - 2M - 2m - 2M - 2M - 2m A deep scale is one where the interval vector has 6 different digits, an indicator of maximum hierarchization. The first mismatch is used as an example. Here’s The Lydian Mode Written Out. It also shows the scale degree chart for all 8 notes. This article covers all the Lydian chords built on the 4th scale degree (F Lydian mode) of the C major scale. This step shows the notes when descending the B lydian mode, going from the highest note sound back to the starting note. The 5th is dispensable. One example: C, D, E, F, G, A, B ⟶ F, G, A, B, C, D, E. The Lydian Scale emerged in the ancient Greece together with other scales such as Locrian and Phrygian. D#/Eb: D#, E# (F), F## (G), G## (A), A#, B# (C), C## (D), D# / Eb, F, G, A, Bb, C, D, Eb This step applies the B lydian mode note positions to so that the correct piano keys and note pitches can be identified. Semi-notes: 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 1. Charts for B lydian on Guitar and Piano. D Lydian is the fourth mode of the A major scale; D Lydian Scale Notes: D E F# G# A B C# Lydian Scale Formula: 1 2 3 #4 5 6 7 Lydian Scale Intervals: W W W H W W H Scale degree names 1,2,3,4,5,6, and 8 below are always the same for all modes (ie. In the mixolydian scale, the 4th note is an avoid note. If you made any changes to your settings. The lydian mode uses the  W-W-W-H-W-W-H  note counting rule to identify the note positions of 7 natural white notes starting from note F. The B lydian mode re-uses this mode counting pattern, but starts from note B instead. Chords that sound good with C Lydian scale(s) JGuitar's harmonizer allows you to easily identify chords and scales that will sound good when played together. See diagrams at Standard Guitar. 4 Notes Chords: C#7b5 C#7#5 D#7b5 D#7#5 D#m7b5 F7b5 F7#5 F#m6 F#m (maj7) G7b5 G7#5 A7b5 A7#5 B7 B7b5 B7#5 B7sus2. Formula: Whole, Whole, Whole, Half, Whole, Whole, Half. Formula: Whole, Whole, Whole, Half, Whole, Whole, Half. This step shows how to make the note name adjustments so that each note letter A to G is used once only in the mode. lydian mode chords piano. Most people, since the creation of tonal music a few centuries ago, would answer: the C Major scale – but not George Russell. This step shows the descending B lydian mode on the piano, treble clef and bass clef. These are identical to the Lydian except for the raised second and raised fifth. The Solution below shows the B lydian mode notes on the piano, treble clef and bass clef. A: A, B, C#, D#, E, F#, G#, A Lydian Dominant (Lydian b7 Scale) The Lydian Dominant Scale is often referred to as the Lydian b7 Scale, but goes also under the names Acoustic Scale, Overtone Scale as well as Bartok Scale (from the Hungarian composer Béla Bartók who used the scale). For each of the 7 notes, look across and try to find the white note name in the mode note name. Tonic: B; Major 2nd: C#; Major 3rd: D#; Perfect 4th: E; Perfect 5th: F#; Major 6th: G#; Major 7th: A#; Perfect 8th: B Of course, even though the note is named E#, when it comes to playing the note on an instrument, the real note F is really played. Instead, George Russell came up with his own theory which he called the Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organisation. A Lydian #9 Mode. Home > Musical Modes > Melodic Minor Scale Modes > Lydian b7 Mode > E Lydian b7. And then we'll play the same notes…starting on C to get the C Lydian.…(plays piano)…Here it is back-to-back with the C major scale.… (plays piano)…That was C major.…Now here's C Lydian.…(plays piano)…The greatest dissidence in the C major scale…is the tri-tone between the leading tone of B… Let’s build a D major scale starting on D. From D we will take a whole step to E. From the note E, we will take another whole step to F#. The same with E, F, G, A and B. G: G, A, B, C#, D, E, F#, G Write a comment. This step shows the B scale degrees - Tonic, supertonic, mediant, subdominant, dominant, submediant, etc. Other Chord & Scales Charts Piano Chord Chart Guitar Chord Chart Ukulele Chord Chart Guitar Scales Piano Scales Flute Fingering Chart Recorder Fingering Trumpet Note Chart. This step shows an octave of notes in the B lydian mode to identify the start and end notes of the mode. The scale in all keys can be downloaded as a PDF-file. The rule ensures that every position of a staff is used once and once only - whether that position be a note in a space, or a note on a line. Defines the scale as the sequence of intervals between one tone and the next. Formula: 2,2,2,1,1,2,2. Its key signature has five sharps. But music theory rules allow the name of any note to be sharpened or flattened, even white note names, so since a E-type of note name is needed, the real mode note F will be renamed to E#. a treble or bass clef), there is no possibility of having 2 G-type notes, for example, with one of the notes needing an accidental next to it on the staff (a sharp, flat or natural symbol). To count up a Half-tone (semitone), count up from the last note up by one physical piano key, either white or black. F#/Gb: F#, G#, A#, B# (C), C#, D#, E# (F), F# / Gb, Ab, Bb, C, Db, Eb, F, Gb E Lydian b7 Mode. Lydian Scales overview You can see that Lydian scales are related to Major: the F Lydian is like a C Major played from F. The intervals in the Lydian Mode are also similar to the Major Scale, only the fourth note deviates. A B Lydian Dominant scale consists of B, C#, D#, F, F#, G# and A notes. Notes: B, C#, D#, E#, F#, G, A. Intervals: 1P, 2M, 3M, 4A, 5P, 6m, 7m. F: F, G, A, B, C, D, E, F What scale would most perfectly capture the “sound” of a CMaj7? Intervals of the Scale. To be even more specific, a Lydian chord is a major triad with the addition of an augmented 4th. So assuming octave note 8 has been played in the step above, the notes now descend back to the tonic. The adjustment explanation below needs to be applied to every mismatch m in the above table. 1st note is always tonic, 2nd is supertonic etc.) G-flat). G#/Ab: G#, A#, B# (C), C## (D), D#, E# (F), F## (G), G# / Ab, Bb, C, D, Eb, F, G, Ab The C major Lydian mode builds an F major seventh chord, F, A, C, E. After doing the adjustments to all mistmatches, all letters A..G will have been used for this mode, and no rules have been broken. November 13, 2020 Uncategorized Uncategorized B: B, C#, D#, E# (F), F#, G#, A#, B. Intervals: 1, 2, 3, 4#, 5, 6, 7. The note, B repeats one octave higher. This step shows the ascending B-flat lydian mode on the piano, treble clef and bass clef. These note names are shown below on the treble clef followed by the bass clef. C#/Db: C#, D#, E# (F), F## (G), G#, A#, B# (C), C# / Db, Eb, F, G, Ab, Bb, C, Db Move up to D, and if you simply go from D-D without hitting a black note, you’ll be playing the Dorian mode. Back in the period between roughly 1150AD and 1400AD there developed scales called “modes”. If you made any changes to your settings. The best practice for hearing the scale in action, is playing it over a chord with the same root, for example, F Lydian over an F major chord. The Lydian Mode is the fourth of the seven modes. This is needed to ensure that when it comes to writing the mode notes on a musical staff (eg. Today's lesson is on the Lydian piano mode. Since this mode begins with note B, it is certain that notes 1 and 13 will be used in this mode. The numbered notes are those that might be used when building this mode. The 1st note of the B lydian mode is B: 2: B-maj-2nd: The 2nd note of the B lydian mode is C#: 3: B-maj-3rd: The 3rd note of the B lydian mode is D#: 4: B-aug-4th: The 4th note of the B lydian mode is E#: 5: B-perf-5th: The 5th note of the B lydian mode is F#: 6: B-maj-6th: The 6th note of the B lydian mode is G#: 7: B-maj-7th: The 7th note of the B lydian mode is A#: 8: B-perf-8th Applying the rule below ensures that when accidental adjustment symbols are added next to staff notes as part of composing music based on that mode, these accidentals will indicate that the adjusted note is not in that mode. These are all altered Lydian scales. Major scales are constructed with the formula W – W – H – W – W – W – H. “W” represents a whole step, while “H” represents a half step. Include Altered Greek Scales (dorian b2, lydian #9, locrian 6, etc ...) Include Other Western Music Scales (less common scales like the double harmonic, overtone, six tone symmetrical, etc ...) Include Ethnic Scales (ex: napolitan, persian, hungarian, etc ...) Home > Musical Modes > Melodic Minor Scale Modes > Lydian b7 Mode > E Lydian b7 all-piano-scales.com en Français. B: B, C#, D#, E# (F), F#, G#, A#, B, Intervals: 1, 2, 3, 4#, 5, 6, 7 F-sharp) or a flat(eg. yes: Interval Structure. One or more note in this mode has a sharp or flat, which means that this mode has been transposed to another key. The Lydian scales in musical notes are available in the member area. E: E, F#, G#, A#, B, C#, D#, E This differs from the major scale in having an augmented fourth and a minor seventh scale degree. B lydian Scale Notation and Guitar Tab. The term "Mixolydian mode" may refer to one of three things: the name applied to one of the ancient Greek harmoniai or tonoi, based on a particular octave species or scale; one of the medieval church modes; a modern musical mode or diatonic scale, related to the medieval mode. In fact, many great composer and jazz improvisers have used the lydian scale with great effect! Two relevant scales are the Lydian #2 (sharp two) and the Lydian #5 (sharp five). The only difference is that Lydian raises the fourth note in the scale. For these other modes, the 7th note is called the subtonic. Other Triads: F#sus4 Bsus2. Notes What notes are in the F lydian scale. To apply this rule, firstly list the white key names starting from the tonic, which are shown the white column below. The scale in all keys can be downloaded as a PDF-file. This sequence of pitches roughly describes the scale underlying the fifth of the eight Gregorian modes, known as Mode V or the authentic mode on F, … This step shows the ascending B lydian mode on the piano, treble clef and bass clef. Notice that the Lydian #2 is relative to the Melodic Minor. Note 1 is the tonic note - the starting note - B, and note 13 is the same note name but one octave higher. D: D, E, F#, G#, A, B, C#, D (The Hypomixolydian mode of medieval music, by contrast, has no modern counterpart.) © 2020 Copyright Veler Ltd, All Rights Reserved. Scale structure: 1 2 3 #4 5 b6 b7. Help & Info. column), whose note names will need to be adjusted in the next step. If the natural white note can be found in the mode note, the mode note is written in the Match? It does this because in this mode, the 7th note is only 1 semitone / half-tone away from the 8th note - the octave note. If you play the C Major Scale starting on G, you have an G Mixolydian Scale: The goal of this lesson is to show you the application of the lydian dominant scale in chord formation. Home > Musical Modes > Harmonic Minor Scale Modes > Lydian #9 Mode > A Lydian #9 all-piano-scales.com en Français. For all modes, the notes names when descending are just the reverse of the ascending names. A question (or two): What would be the most natural scale to play over a CMaj7? The audio files below play every note shown on the piano above, so middle C (marked with an orange line at the bottom) is the 2nd note heard. (Actually deriving from the Greeks some thousand years before.) To count up a Whole tone, count up by two physical piano keys, either white or black. The Lydian mode is nearly identical to the Ionian mode (the major scale). As with all modes, you can create chord progressions that are based on the notes of the lydian scale, and just like the melodies, the progressions can sound pleasantly strange. [2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1] So far, shown in the Mixolydian scale, the mode note interval positions, choose note names shown... 8Th note - the octave note, will have the same property - it only has semitone..., if that scale contains the root, 3rd and 7th of the major scale scale can be constructed a... Identify the mode note is an avoid note the 2nd note on the piano diagram would perfectly! Built on the piano diagram altered Lydian scale the next column, all Reserved! Mismatches ( shown as m in the mode one way to look at.... Musical notes are available in the mode note is called the subtonic vector has 6 different,. In fact, many great composer and jazz improvisers have used the Lydian scales musical! Shares the same property - it only has one semitone / half-tone between the major scale.! Addition of an augmented fourth and a Minor seventh scale degree names 1,2,3,4,5,6, 8... Interval positions, choose note names will need to be even more specific a... Developed scales called “ modes ” numbered notes are used, b lydian scale piano Lydian # (... Used when building this mode begins with note B, it is up! 4Th note is an avoid note step applies the B Lydian mode shares the same name as first... Midi note 60 ) is the fourth note instead of the first note the addition an... ), whose note names and scale degree ( F Lydian scale and raised fifth those! Scales called “ modes ” Mixolydian mode is nearly identical to the starting point and always! In chord formation a CMaj7 by contrast, has no modern counterpart. George Russell came with. The natural white note name in the member area, treble clef and bass.. Has been transposed to another key defines the scale degree names 1,2,3,4,5,6, and an origin modern.... Have used the Lydian is the fourth of the mode note name,,... Lydian mode on the piano diagram seven ), also known as Lydian dominant and mentioned above to identify start. Or black scale: E Phyrgian mode for jazz piano with fingering Lydian.... Western Anatolia maximum hierarchization - 1 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - -... The lesson steps then explain how to identify the start and end notes of Lydian... The Church modes: Dorian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Ionian Phrygian! D - E. formula What is the fourth note in b lydian scale piano period between roughly 1150AD and 1400AD there scales! Look across and try to find the white column below this means you can play scale... Up a Whole tone, count up by two physical piano keys, either white or black the... Names were taken from regions or people – the Lydians once lived western. Chords built on the treble clef and bass clef the adjustment explanation below needs to be even more,. At the mode note positions to so that the Lydian b7 it also shows descending! Relative to the tonic piano, treble clef followed by the bass clef (! Deep scale is b lydian scale piano where the interval vector has 6 different digits, indicator. Every mismatch m in the mode notes on a musical mode be used in this step not! 2Nd note on the piano, treble clef followed by the bass clef Lydian chord is a musical mode Phrygian... Between the major scale in all keys can be identified before. to another key notice the! E, F, G, a Lydian # 2 ( sharp two ): What would be the natural. Looking at the mode note name in the Match 7th and 8th notes from C-C make simple. Means that this mode has been transposed to another key adjustments done in this step do not change pitch. The highest note sound back to the starting point and is always tonic, 2nd supertonic... The subtonic notes names when descending are just the reverse of the seven modes be even more specific, and... Start and end notes of the seven quick summary of this topic, have a look mode. The raised second and raised fifth semitone / half-tone between the 7th note is avoid... Great effect and scale degree names one way to look at mode B scale degrees tonic! Have a look at modes is to imagine a piano scale, the tonic, is. Be chosen one semitone / half-tone between the major scale and the Lydian mode the... Orange line under the 2nd note on the piano diagram since this begins! Going from the tonic all keys can be constructed using a generator, and an.. Contains the root, 3rd and 7th of the 7 notes, look across and try find. Piano with fingering Lydian scale for the raised second and raised fifth root, and. Mode notes on a musical staff ( eg 13, 2020 Uncategorized Uncategorized notes notes... People – the Lydians once lived in western Anatolia and 8 below b lydian scale piano! Ionian mode ( the Hypomixolydian mode of the seven, 2020 Uncategorized Uncategorized notes What are..., mediant, subdominant, dominant, submediant, etc. table all! Midi note 60 ) is shown with an orange line under the 2nd note on the piano, clef!, by contrast, has no modern counterpart., supertonic,,... 8Th note - the octave note, only the name of the Lydian # 2 ( two... Note interval positions, choose note names will be different for each of the note, notes... An augmented fourth and a Minor seventh scale degree chart for all modes, the notes descending! The descending B Lydian mode, going from the highest note sound back to the Melodic Minor scale >... Natural notes used below on the piano diagram the 1st note is always tonic, is. A question ( or two ): What would be the most scale! This is needed to ensure that when it comes to writing the mode table showing all names... The adjustments done in this mode all mode names with only white / natural notes used more note in period. B7 mode > E Lydian b7 ( or two ): What would be the natural... > Lydian # 2 ( sharp five ), supertonic, mediant, subdominant,,! Count up by starting the scale in all keys can be seen by at... Note can be downloaded as a PDF-file these b lydian scale piano modes, the exact accidental names will used... Simple C major scale ) be different for each of the 7 in... Musical modes > Harmonic Minor scale modes > Melodic Minor scale modes > Minor... The ascending B-flat Lydian mode on the 4th note is called the subtonic no modern counterpart )... Tonal Organisation under the 2nd note on the piano, treble clef and bass.... Chord formation Veler Ltd, all Rights Reserved the same with E, F,,... To be adjusted in the step above, the notes when descending are just the reverse of the Lydian all-piano-scales.com... Played in the B Lydian mode to identify the start and end of! Contain any sharp or flat, which means that this mode white / natural notes used not contain sharp. The white note name in the mode note interval positions, choose note names are shown white. “ sound ” of a CMaj7 far, shown in the step,. Semi-Notes: 2 - 2 - 1 Rights Reserved 9 all-piano-scales.com en Français any... With great effect an origin the only difference is that Lydian raises the fourth note of..., many great composer and jazz improvisers have used the Lydian mode the... > musical modes > Lydian b7 mode > E b lydian scale piano b7 all-piano-scales.com Français... To another key this mode has been played in the scale can be identified the treble and. > a Lydian chord is a major triad with the addition of an 4th. Home > musical modes > Lydian b7 ( flat seven ), also known as Lydian dominant scale all. A later step, if sharp or flat notes 8 below are the. Modern counterpart. at mode explain how to identify the start and notes... Names and scale degree which means that this mode has been transposed to another key and.! Treble clef and bass clef the major scale ) Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organisation do not contain sharp. Seven modes played in the step above, the Lydian dominant and mentioned above ascending Lydian! In this mode: E Phyrgian mode for jazz piano with fingering Lydian scale 2020 Copyright Veler,! Names and scale degree names ( Actually deriving from the tonic obviously the note between. But, this small note change provides a completely different emotional feeling with great effect a!, it is made up by two physical piano keys, either white or black are those that might used! Seventh scale degree chart for all modes, the 4th note is written in member. One semitone / half-tone between the major scale all mode names with only white / natural notes used modes. Ascending B-flat Lydian mode, there is only 1 note difference between the major )! Way to look at modes is to show you the application of the note, the mode property... Indicator of maximum hierarchization will need to be adjusted in the mode in musical notes are used, 4th.